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This is a research paper on the effects of smoking on lung cancer. It looks at how different genes are mutated by harmful substances in cigarettes. The paper discusses mutations occurring in DNA cells of the lungs, as well as the effects these mutations have on gene expression. This document has been cited by many other studies indicating its authority and credibility for information about genetic mutation due to smoking. How Smoking Influences Lung Cancer: A Research PaperThe vast majority of people with lung cancer are smokers or former smokers (Pribila and Oliva, 2013). Studies reviewing and comparing smokers and nonsmokers found that smoking increased a person’s chance of developing lung cancer by twenty times (Chen et al. , 2011; Vardakostas and Pindar, 2007). Lung cancer rates are on the rise and smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer (American Cancer Society, 2012; Yin et al., 2011). The National Lung Cancer Initiative (NLNI) as a result of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) stated that "in 2010, roughly 90 percent of all new cancers were attributable to some form of tobacco use. With the exception of colorectal cancer, lung cancer will be considered as a major public health problem around the globe" and that "Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In 2010, about 1. 1 million new cases and 600,000 deaths were due to lung cancer" (Pribila and Oliva, 2013). In fact smoking is the leading cause of death from cancer in the United States, with over six million deaths per year from all forms of cancer combined. Lung cancer incidence has been on a steady rise since the 1980s. The rate was then 5.6 per 100,000 in 1980, 7.0 per 100,000 in 1990 and 9.9 per 100,000 in 2000 (Kogan et al., 1998). The rate increased for women to 10.8 per 100,000 in 1980 where it remained for men until 2004. The rate also increased for both men and women to 13. 4 per 100,000 in 2004. This increase may be due to the latest generation of smokers who are smoking more cigarettes per day, starting at a younger age, and ad lib smoking. These factors can increase lung cancer risk (Alavanja et al., 2003). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for men and women both in the United States and Canada (Pribila and Oliva, 2013). Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women until age 45. After this point women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men because they are more likely to continue smoking for a longer time period. Women are more likely to develop stage I and II cancers and in addition they may take longer to diagnose (Pribila and Oliva, 2013). Age is also considered in grading lung cancer. Stage I cancer generally occurs in people under 50 while stage II cancer occurs after age 50. Younger individuals are typically diagnosed with stage IV cancer because it is harder to diagnose. They tend to present with symptoms such as hoarseness, cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath (Pribila and Oliva, 2013). Smoking may be the leading cause of lung cancer for men and women, but it is only the leading cause of lung cancer at different ages. cfa1e77820